Two component liquid systems questions | form five Chemistry

1. State Raoult`s law regarding solutions of liquids in liquids
2. Define azeotropic mixture
3. Use a well labeled hand sketch to show the difference between minimum boiling point azeotropic mixture and maximum boiling point azeotropic mixture.

Briefly explain the meaning of the following phrases.

1. Freezing point depression
2. Boiling point elevation
3. Van`t Hoff`s factor-i.

Study the following liquid-vapour phase diagram and then answer the questions that follow.

1. If a liquid mixture of composition I is heated to temperature C, what will be the composition of the vapour phase?
2. If the vapour at E is cooled to temperature F , what will be the composition of the vapour phase?
3. What temperature represents the boiling point of composition J?

When water and ice are mixed , the temperature of the mixture is 0^oC, but , if methanol (CH₃OH) and ice are mixed , a temperature of +10^oC  is readily attained. Explain why the two mixtures show such different temperature behaviours.

Study the following diagram and then answer the subsequent questions.

1. Give the titles of the locations labeled A, B, C, D, E and F.
2. Give the names for the difference given by F-E(i.e., F minus E) and D-C (i.e., D minus C).

Nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂) and water form a mixture of immiscible liquids which boils at 99^oC. Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrobenzene in the distillate when the mixture is distilled at 1.013x10⁵Pa given that the vapour pressure of water at 99^oC  is 9.749x10⁴Pa. Show your work clearly including manipulations of units. [Molar masses: nitrobenzene = 123g mol^-1, water =18g mol^-1].

Water (b.p 100^oC) and phenylamine (b.p 184^oC) form a mixture of immiscible liquids that boils at 98^oC. With the aid of a diagram , show how steam distillation of this mixture can be achieved.

Show how the equation for the partition law of solute `x` dissolved in two immiscible solvents A and B will be represented when solute `x`:

1. Associate in solvent A and remain normal in solvent B.
2. Dissociate in solvent A and associate in solvent B.
3. Dissociate in solvent B and remain normal in solvent A.

Fifty (50) grams of the acid are dissolved in one litre (1000cm³) of water. The distribution coefficient of the acid between ether and water is 3. A volume of 1000cm³ of ether is available for use in the extraction process. Two experiments were performed to extract acid from water. In the forst experiment, 1000cm³ of ether were used once, i.e., single extraction . In the second experiment, two extractions were performed , each using 500cm³ of ether. Compare the amounts of the acid left in the aqueous solution in each case and recommend the best method to extract the acid from water.